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Lakota winter counts — pictographic
calendars of a community's history — provide a unique look into the
history of the Lakota Sioux people
during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Unlike historical accounts recorded
by European settlers and explorers,
winter counts represent a rich
Lakota tradition of oral history
and storytelling. Community historians,
known as winter count keepers,
maintained and used these pictographic
records as mnemonic devices to
remember the sequence of events
that marked each year. By referring
to the winter count, members of
a Lakota community could mark
events in their own lives. The
Smithsonian's collection of winter
counts documents the history of
several Lakota communities over
a 200-year period.
Primary sources expose students
to multiple perspectives on
events and issues of the past
and present. Incorporating winter
counts into the classroom can
allow students to develop visual
literacy skills, greater analytical
abilities, and a deeper understanding
about the Lakota people and
their culture. By dealing directly
with archival records, students
engage in asking questions,
thinking critically, and developing
reasoned explanations and interpretations
of events, issues, and peoples
of the past and the present.
Many teachers in the U.S. and
Canada are already using winter
counts as focal points for lesson
plans in math, history and social
studies.
This Teachers' Guide was created
to help you incorporate Lakota
winter counts into your curriculum.
It includes relevant background
information, visual material,
topic suggestions, sample lesson
plans and resource lists, along
with instructions on navigating
the Lakota winter count online
exhibit. Before using this material,
please review the guidelines
for teaching culturally sensitive
material, developed by the Department
of Anthropology of the National
Museum of Natural History. The
Teachers' Guide includes a glossary
with definitions for anthropological
terms and Lakota words. The
Audio Glossary in the online
exhibit provides pronunciation
for Lakota terms. |
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Acknowledgments
This Teachers' Guide was developed,
written and designed by Anh-Thu
Cunnion while completing her
M.A.T. in Museum Education at
The George Washington University.
Under the supervision of Candace
Greene, Ms. Cunnion worked with
a dedicated group of ethnologists
and educators in order to create
a comprehensive guide for teachers
that can enhance their curriculum
and inspire their students for
years to come.
The following people were instrumental
in the development of this teachers'
guide and deserve special thanks
for their advice and support:
Candace Greene, Christina
Burke, and Martin Earring for
supplying historical and cultural
background.
Robert Leopold and the Lakota
Winter Count online exhibit
team at INVIONI for their work
with the content crafting, design
and technological components
of the online exhibit and the
Teachers' Guide.
Ann Kaupp, Lynn Alstat and
Genevieve Simermeyer for their
help in compiling the Bibliography
and Cultural Considerations
sections.
Ruth O. Selig, Susan Sprenke,
and Joshua Winterhalt for providing
their educational expertise
in developing the In the Classroom
and Lesson Plans sections.
The Smithsonian Women's Committee
provided the funds that made
both the Lakota Winter Count
online exhibit and this Teachers'
Guide possible.
Last updated March 3, 2005.
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